ORIGINAL ARTICLE   Open access

Minerva Urology and Nephrology 2025 February;77(1):130-6

DOI: 10.23736/S2724-6051.24.05875-0

Copyright © 2024 THE AUTHORS

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language: English

Management of genetically determined kidney stone disease: consensus from a panel of urologists and nephrologists

Roberto MIANO ¹ ✉, Giovanni GAMBARO ², Corrado VITALE ³, Giuseppe VEZZOLI ⁴, Michele TALSO ⁵, Stefania FERRETTI ⁶, Michele RAGUSO ⁷, Pietro M. FERRARO ²

¹ Unit of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Policlinico Tor Vergata University Hospital, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; ² Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; ³ Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy; ⁴ Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy; ⁵ Department of Urology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy; ⁶ Unit of Urology, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy; ⁷ Unit of Andrology and Kidney Transplantation, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area-Urology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy

BACKGROUND: Available evidence suggests that monogenic causes of kidney stones are likely under-diagnosed, particularly in young adults, needing expert multidisciplinary recommendations to improve diagnosis, management and therapeutic outcomes. To increase the awareness among the medical community on the recognition of the signs and symptoms of genetically determined kidney stone disease in adult patients, with a special focus on primary hyperoxaluria (PH), a group of nephrologists and urologists started a consensus process through the Delphi method.
METHODS: A list of 40 statements (23 regarding genetically determined stone disease and 17 regarding primary hyperoxaluria) was defined by the authors and included in an online Delphi survey, which was sent to 16 urologists and 22 nephrologists with expertise in managing patients with kidney stone disease. An agreement threshold of 75% was established for consensus.
RESULTS: After two rounds of Delphi voting, consensus was reached for 33 statements, 18 regarding genetically determined stone disease and 15 regarding PH.
CONCLUSIONS: The Delphi process highlighted several areas of agreement with regard to the characteristic or anamnestic data suggesting diagnostic investigation, optimal diagnostic patterns, treatment strategies and management of patients with genetically determined nephrolithiasis. The process also highlighted some grey areas, which deserve further investigation and highlight the need for educational initiatives focused on rare diseases in the field of kidney stones.

KEY WORDS: Cystinuria; Genetics; Kidney calculi; Nephrolithiasis; Hyperoxaluria, primary