REVIEW  IDIOPATHIC NORMAL PRESSURE HYDROCEPHALUS REVISITED: THE ROLE OF INTERDISCIPLINARITY Open access

Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences 2025 February;69(1):79-91

DOI: 10.23736/S0390-5616.24.06360-4

Copyright © 2024 THE AUTHORS

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language: English

Treatment of iNPH: novel insights

Eric SCHMIDT ¹ ✉, Joachim K. KRAUSS ²

¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France; ² Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

This review advocates for a shift from traditional symptom-based diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) to a deeper investigation into its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, particularly the role of altered cerebral hydrodynamics as an important pathological hallmark. We explore the heterogeneity of iNPH, emphasizing its frequent overlap and cooccurrence with neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, and subcortical vascular encephalopathy, complicating diagnosis and treatment strategies. The lumbar infusion test emerges as a useful diagnostic tool, offering quantitative insights into CSF outflow resistance that should be considered as a useful biomarker related to cerebral hydrodynamics and iNPH pathophysiology. Furthermore, we propose the hypothesis that shunt placement, by regulating brain fluid mechanics, may also serve as a form of neuromodulation, potentially enhancing neuronal function and mitigating clinical symptoms. This review advocates for an interdisciplinary, physics-based and patient-centered approach that emphasizes early detection, accurate diagnostics, and personalized treatment plans to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life, particularly in the aging population.

KEY WORDS: Normal pressure hydrocephalus; Hydrodynamics; Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation