REVIEW  RAI THERAPY IN ADVANCED DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER: FOCUS ON DOSIMETRY 

The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2019 September;63(3):229-34

DOI: 10.23736/S1824-4785.19.03190-X

Copyright © 2019 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA

lingua: Inglese

Radioiodine therapy of advanced differentiated thyroid cancer: clinical considerations and multidisciplinary approach

Luca GIOVANELLA ¹ ✉, Lorenzo SCAPPATICCIO ^{1, 2}

¹ Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Competence Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland; ² Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Sciences and Aging, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) accounts for 95% of all thyroid cancers and is generally an indolent tumor, treated effectively with surgery, radioactive iodine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone suppressive therapy. However, 5-10% of patients have advanced disease, with aerodigestive tract invasion, distant metastases, or radioiodine refractory disease, with poor prognosis. This review focuses on the approaches for treating advanced DTC, including management of gross extra-thyroidal extension, recurrent loco-regional or distant metastatic disease, the role of external beam radiation therapy and systemic treatment. Locally ablative treatment modalities, including surgery, radiation therapy, and thermal ablation are evolving and can be used in selected patients. In recent years, new therapeutic agents with molecular targets have become available and two multi-kinase inhibitors, sorafenib and lenvatinib, have been licensed for iodine refractory DTC showing an advantage in terms of progression-free survival, although an impact on overall survival has not been proven yet and remarkable side-effects emerged. Management of advanced thyroid cancer can be challenging but a multidisciplinary approach can significantly improve outcomes for this patient population.

KEY WORDS: Thyroid neoplasms; Protein kinase inhibitors; Therapy