REVIEW   Free access

Minerva Anestesiologica 2020 July;86(7):742-55

DOI: 10.23736/S0375-9393.20.14073-2

Copyright © 2020 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA

lingua: Inglese

Drugs for anesthesia and analgesia in the preterm infant

Simonetta TESORO ¹, Vanessa MARCHESINI ², Giuseppe FRATINI ¹, Thomas ENGELHARDT ^{2, 3}, Edoardo DE ROBERTIS ¹ ✉

¹ Section of Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; ² Department of Anesthesia, Royal Children’s Hospital Aberdeen and School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; ³ Department of Anesthesia, McGill University Health Center, Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada

INTRODUCTION: There is largely an absence of validated evidence-based therapies in term- and preterm newborn infants, due to a lack of pharmacological clinical trials. As a consequence, the drugs and doses used in clinical practice are extrapolated from dose-ranging trials performed in older patients. Drugs administered to the preterm infant are invariably off-label. The aim of this current review is to identify commonly used anesthetic and analgesic agents in this patient population, assess the existing evidence base, in terms of safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, current indications and doses.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We searched the PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration and World Health Organization databases and analyzed any studies for general anesthesia; analgo-sedation; regional anesthesia; pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenomics in this patient population.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A total of 412 studies (meta-analysis, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trial (RCT), and observational) were identified and analyzed.
CONCLUSIONS: Preterm infants are characterized by remarkable metabolic and developmental differences when compared with adults. It is not possible to derive guidelines or clinical recommendations based on the existing evidence.

KEY WORDS: Newborn infant; Anesthesia and analgesia; Child; Anesthetics; Analgesics